Aftertreatment - Aftertreatment is a system that is used to remove pollutants from exhaust gases. The system consists of an aftertreatment regeneration device (ARD), a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a diesel particulate filter (DPF).
Aftertreatment Regeneration Device (ARD) - This item is sometimes referred to as the Caterpillar Regeneration System (CRS). The ARD is a device that intermittently raises the temperature of the exhaust gases in order to regenerate the diesel particulate filter.
Alternating Current (AC) - Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction at a regular interval that is reoccurring.
ARD Fuel Pump - The ARD fuel pump provides high-pressure fuel to the fuel system for the aftertreatment regeneration device.
Before Top Center (BTC) - BTC is the 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation before the piston reaches the top dead center position in the normal direction of rotation.
Breakout Harness - A breakout harness is a test harness that is designed to connect into the engine harness. This connection allows a normal circuit operation and the connection simultaneously provides a Breakout T in order to measure the signals.
Bypass Circuit - A bypass circuit is a circuit that is used as a substitute circuit for an existing circuit. A bypass circuit is typically used as a test circuit.
CAN Data Link (see also J1939 CAN Data Link) - The CAN Data Link is a serial communications port that is used for communication with other microprocessor-based devices.
Caterpillar Regeneration System - Refer to "Aftertreatment Regeneration Device".
Clean Emissions Module - The Clean Emissions Module (CEM) includes all the components of the aftertreatment system.
Code - Refer to "Diagnostic Trouble Code".
Communication Adapter Tool - The communication adapter provides a communication link between the ECM and the electronic service tool.
Coolant Temperature Sensor - The coolant temperature sensor detects the engine coolant temperature for all normal operating conditions and for engine monitoring.
Data Link - The data link is a serial communication port that is used for communication with other devices such as the electronic service tool.
Derate - Certain engine conditions will generate event codes. Also, engine may be derated. The map for the engine derate is programmed into the ECM software. The engine derate can be one or more of three types: reduction of rated power, reduction of rated engine speed and reduction of rated machine speed for OEM products.
Desired Engine Speed - The desired engine speed is input to the electronic governor within the ECM. The electronic governor uses the signal from the throttle position sensor, the engine speed/timing sensor, and other sensors in order to determine the desired engine speed.
Diagnostic Trouble Code - A diagnostic trouble code is sometimes referred to as a fault code. These codes indicate an electronic system malfunction.
Diagnostic Lamp - The diagnostic lamp is also called the warning lamp. The diagnostic lamp is used to warn the operator of the presence of an active diagnostic code. The lamp may not be included in all applications.
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst - The Diesel Oxidation Catalyst is also known as the (DOC). The DOC is a device in the exhaust system that oxidizes certain elements in the exhaust gases. These elements can include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons and the soluble organic fraction (SOF) of particulate matter.
Diesel Particulate Filter - The Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) filters particulates from the exhaust gases. When the particulates have built up on the internal surfaces of the DPF, the temperature of the exhaust gas is raised by the Aftertreatment Regeneration Device (ARD) in order to burn off the particulates. This regeneration process prevents the DPF from becoming blocked. The regeneration process therefore allows the DPF to continue to operate efficiently.
Digital Sensor Return - The common line (ground) from the ECM is used as ground for the digital sensors.
Digital Sensors - Digital sensors produce a pulse width modulated signal. Digital sensors are supplied with power from the ECM.
Digital Sensor Supply - The power supply for the digital sensors is provided by the ECM.
Direct Current (DC) - Direct current is the type of current that flows consistently in only one direction.
DT, DT Connector, or Deutsch DT - This connector is a type that is used on this engine. The connectors are manufactured by Deutsch.
Duty Cycle - Refer to "Pulse Width Modulation".
Electronic Engine Control - The electronic engine control is a complete electronic system. The electronic engine control monitors the engine operation under all conditions. The electronic engine control also controls the engine operation under all conditions.
Electronic Control Module (ECM) - The ECM is the control computer of the engine. The ECM provides power to the electronics. The ECM monitors data that is input from the sensors of the engine. The ECM acts as a governor in order to control the speed and the power of the engine.
Electronic Service Tool - The electronic service tool allows a computer (PC) to communicate with the ECM.
Engine Monitoring - Engine Monitoring is the part of the electronic engine control that monitors the sensors. This system also warns the operator of detected faults.
Engine Oil Pressure Sensor - The engine oil pressure sensor measures engine oil pressure. The sensor sends a signal to the ECM that is dependent on the engine oil pressure.
Engine Speed/Timing Sensor - An engine speed/timing sensor is a hall effect switch that provides a digital signal to the ECM. The ECM interprets this signal as the crankshaft position and the engine speed. Two sensors are used to provide the speed and timing signals to the ECM. The primary sensor is associated with the crankshaft and the secondary sensor is associated with the camshaft.
Ether Injection - Ether injection is a starting aid in cold conditions. Glow plugs are used as a starting aid when the ambient temperature is between
Event Code - An event code may be activated in order to indicate an abnormal engine operating condition. These codes usually indicate a mechanical problem instead of an electrical system problem.
Failure Mode Identifier (FMI) - This identifier indicates the type of failure that is associated with the component. The FMI has been adopted from the SAE practice of J1587 diagnostics. The FMI follows the parameter identifier (PID) in the descriptions of the fault code. The descriptions of the FMIs are in the following list.
0 - The data is valid but the data is above the normal operational range.
1 - The data is valid but the data is below the normal operational range.
2 - The data is erratic, intermittent, or incorrect.
3 - The voltage is above normal or the voltage is shorted high.
4 - The voltage is below normal or the voltage is shorted low.
5 - The current is below normal or the circuit is open.
6 - The current is above normal or the circuit is grounded.
7 - The mechanical system is not responding properly.
8 - There is an abnormal frequency, an abnormal pulse width, or an abnormal time period.
9 - There has been an abnormal update.
10 - There is an abnormal rate of change.
11 - The failure mode is not identifiable.
12 - The device or the component is damaged.
13 - The device requires calibration.
14 - There is a special instruction for the device.
15 - The signal from the device is high (least severe).
16 - The signal from the device is high (moderate severity).
17 - The signal from the device is low (least severe).
18 - The signal from the device is low (moderate severity).
19 - There is an error in the data from the device.
31 - The device has failed and the engine has shut down.
Flash File - This file is software that is inside the ECM. The file contains all the instructions (software) for the ECM and the file contains the performance maps for a specific engine. The file may be reprogrammed through flash programming.
Flash Programming - Flash programming is the method of programming or updating an ECM with an electronic service tool over the data link instead of replacing components.
FRC - See "Fuel Ratio Control".
Fuel Pump - See "High Pressure Fuel Pump".
Fuel Rail - This item is sometimes referred to as the High Pressure Fuel Rail. The fuel rail supplies fuel to the electronic unit injectors. The high-pressure fuel pump and the fuel rail pressure sensor and the ECM maintain the desired fuel pressure in the fuel rail. This pressure is determined by calibration of the engine in order to enable the engine to meet emissions and performance requirements.
Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor - The fuel rail pressure sensor sends a signal to the ECM that is dependent on the pressure of the fuel in the fuel rail.
Fuel Ratio Control (FRC) - The FRC is a limit that is based on the control of the ratio of the fuel to air. The FRC is used for purposes of emission control. When the ECM senses a higher intake manifold air pressure, the FRC increases the FRC Limit.
Full Load Setting (FLS) - The FLS is the parameter that represents the fuel system adjustment. This adjustment is made at the factory in order to fine-tune the fuel system. This parameter must be programmed.
Full Torque Setting (FTS) - The FTS is the parameter that represents the adjustment for the engine torque. This adjustment is made at the factory in order to fine-tune the fuel system. This adjustment is balanced with the FLS. This parameter must be programmed.
Glow Plug - The glow plug is an optional starting aid for cold conditions. One glow plug is installed in each combustion chamber in order to improve the ability of the engine to start. The ECM uses information from the engine sensors such as the coolant temperature to determine when the glow plug relay must provide power to each glow plug. Each of the glow plugs then provides a hot surface in the combustion chamber in order to vaporize the mixture of air and fuel. The result is improved ignition during the compression stroke of the cylinder.
Glow Plug Relay - The glow plug relay is controlled by the ECM in order to provide power to the glow plugs that are used as a starting aid.
Harness - The harness is the bundle of wiring (loom) that connects all components of the electronic system.
Hertz (Hz) - Hertz is the measure of electrical frequency in cycles per second.
High-Pressure Fuel Pump - This pump supplies fuel under pressure to the fuel rail (high-pressure fuel rail).
High Pressure Fuel Rail - See "Fuel Rail".
Injector Codes - Injector codes contain 30 characters. The codes are supplied with new injectors. The code is input through the electronic service tool into the ECM. The injector codes compensate for manufacturing tolerances of the injector and for variances over the life of the injector.
Intake Manifold Air Temperature Sensor - The intake manifold air temperature sensor detects the air temperature in the intake manifold. The ECM monitors the air temperature and other data in the intake manifold in order to adjust injection timing and other performance functions.
Intake Manifold Pressure Sensor - The Intake Manifold Pressure Sensor measures the pressure in the intake manifold. The pressure in the intake manifold may be different to the pressure outside the engine (atmospheric pressure). The difference in pressure may be caused by an increase in air pressure by a turbocharger (if equipped).
Integrated Electronic Controls - The engine is designed with the electronic controls as a necessary part of the system. The engine will not operate without the electronic controls.
J1939 CAN Data Link - This data link is a SAE standard diagnostic communications data link that is used to communicate between the ECM and other electronic devices.
Logged Diagnostic Codes - Logged diagnostic codes are codes which are stored in the memory. These codes are an indicator of possible causes for intermittent problems. Refer to the term "Diagnostic Trouble Codes" for more information.
NOx Reduction System (NRS) - The NOx Reduction System recycles a portion of the exhaust gases back into the inlet air. The recirculation process reduces the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust gases. The recycled exhaust gas passes through a cooler before being introduced into the inlet air.
OEM - OEM is an abbreviation for the Original Equipment Manufacturer. The OEM is the manufacturer of the machine or the vehicle that uses the engine.
Open Circuit - An open circuit is a condition that is caused by an open switch, or by an electrical wire or a connection that is broken. When this condition exists, the signal or the supply voltage can no longer reach the intended destination.
Parameter - A parameter is a value or a limit that is programmable. A parameter determines specific characteristics or behaviors of the engine.
Password - A password is a group of numeric characters or a group of alphanumeric characters that is designed to restrict access to parameters. The electronic system requires correct passwords in order to change some parameters (Factory Passwords). Refer to Troubleshooting, "Factory Passwords" for more information.
Personality Module - See "Flash File".
Power Cycling - Power cycling refers to the action of cycling the keyswitch from any position to the OFF position, and to the START/RUN position.
Pressure Limiting Valve (PLV) - The PLV is a valve in the fuel rail that prevents excessive pressure. The PLV will reduce the pressure to a safe level that will limit engine operation but the reduced pressure will not stop the engine.
Primary Speed/Timing Sensor - This sensor determines the position of the crankshaft during engine operation. If the primary speed/timing sensor fails during engine operation, the secondary speed/timing sensor is used to provide the signal.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - The PWM is a signal that consists of pulses that are of variable width. These pulses occur at fixed intervals. The ratio of "TIME ON" versus "TIME OFF" can be varied. This ratio is also referred to as a duty cycle.
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Rated Fuel Limit - The Rated Fuel Limit is a limit that is based on the power rating of the engine and on the engine rpm. The Rated Fuel Limit enables the engine power and torque outputs to conform to the power and torque curves of a specific engine model. These limits are in the flash file and cannot be changed.
Reference Voltage - Reference voltage is a regulated voltage and a steady voltage that is supplied by the ECM to a sensor. The reference voltage is used by the sensor to generate a signal voltage.
Relay - A relay is an electromechanical switch. A flow of electricity in one circuit is used to control the flow of electricity in another circuit. A small current or voltage is applied to a relay in order to switch a much larger current or voltage.
Secondary Speed/Timing Sensor - This sensor determines the position of the camshaft during engine operation. If the primary speed/timing sensor fails during engine operation, the secondary speed/timing sensor is used to provide the signal.
Sensor - A sensor is a device that is used to detect the current value of pressure or temperature, or mechanical movement. The information that is detected is converted into an electrical signal.
Short Circuit - A short circuit is a condition that has an electrical circuit that is inadvertently connected to an undesirable point. An example of a short circuit is a wire which rubs against a vehicle frame and this rubbing eventually wears off the wire insulation. Electrical contact with the frame is made and results in a short circuit.
Signal - The signal is a voltage or a waveform that is used in order to transmit information typically from a sensor to the ECM.
Suction Control Valve (SCV) - The SCV is a control device in the high-pressure fuel pump. The ECM controls the pressure in the fuel rail by using the SCVto control the amount of fuel that enters the chambers in the pump.
Supply Voltage - The supply voltage is a regulated supply that is required for components to operate. The power may be generated by the ECM or the power may be battery voltage that is supplied by the engine wiring.
Suspect Parameter Number (SPN) - The SPN is a J1939 number that identifies the specific component of the electronic control system that has experienced a diagnostic code.
System Configuration Parameters - System configuration parameters are parameters that affect emissions and/or operating characteristics of the engine.
Tattletale - Certain parameters that affect the operation of the engine are stored in the ECM. These parameters can be changed by use of the electronic service tool. The tattletale logs the number of changes that have been made to the parameter. The tattletale is stored in the ECM.
Throttle Position - The throttle position is the interpretation by the ECM of the signal from the throttle position sensor or the throttle switch.
Throttle Position Sensor - The throttle position sensor is a sensor that is connected to an accelerator pedal or a hand lever. This sensor sends a signal to the ECM that is used to calculate desired engine speed.
Throttle Switch - The throttle switch sends a signal to the ECM that is used to calculate desired engine speed.
Top Center Position - The top center position refers to the crankshaft position when the engine piston position is at the highest point of travel. The engine must be turned in the normal direction of rotation in order to reach this point.
Total Tattletale - The total tattletale is the total number of changes to all the parameters that are stored in the ECM.
Wait-To-Start Lamp - This lamp is included in the cold starting aid circuit in order to indicate when the wait-to-start period is active. The lamp will go off when the engine is ready to be started. The glow plugs may not have deactivated when the lamp goes off.
Wastegate - The wastegate is a device in a turbocharged engine that controls the maximum boost pressure that is provided to the inlet manifold.
Wastegate Regulator - The wastegate regulator controls the pressure in the intake manifold to a value that is determined by the ECM. The wastegate regulator provides the interface between the ECM and the mechanical system. The wastegate regulator modifies the intake manifold pressure signal to the desired value that is determined by the software.